Trumpet Notes

The Seven Trumpets of Revelation

The following are a collection of quotes from outstanding historicist prophecy expositors of the centuries who wrote on the trumpet judments of Revelation 9.

Johann Alsted 1588-1638

German professor of theology and philosophy. Of the reformed faith, he was a prolific writer and wrote numerous works on the exposition of the Apocalypse.

In Prophetic Theology (app. 1675), he applied the seven trumpets to the apostasy of the church beginning with Pope Boniface III. The fifth and sixth trumpets refer to the papacy. Under the sixth trumpet comes the full revelation of AntiChrist and the mighty angel Christ with the open book sounding the call for reformation.

Amzi Armstrong

In his Syllabus of Lectures on the Visions of the Revelation (1815), Armstrong elaborates on the first four trumpets. The first four were for correction, as well as expressing displeasure and were therefore short in duration. First, Alaric and the Goths, descending from the cold regions of the north like a "storm of hail upon the empire" sparing not age nor infancy, knowing not that they had a commission from God to rebuke men for sin.

Second, Attila and the Huns, preceding the middle and the fifth century, invading the whole empire with violence, destroying as the scourge of God, and the terror of men, because of the degeneracy of the times. Third, Genseric and the Vandals, representing the Arians, with their philosophizing notions. The last correction, before the close of the fifth century, the End of the Western Empire.

Then he says Between this time, and the sounding of the next trumpet, I suppose it was that the true Church retired to the wilderness. The witnesses began to prophesy in sackcloth - The nominal church was rejected as apostate and the beast arose out of the sea.

The woe trumpets were judgments without mercy upon the apostate church. The fifth trumpet was from 612 to 762 and the sixth trumpet from 1281 to 1762, the Saracens and the Turks respectively.

John Bale 1495-1563 Reformation

English bishop under Edward VI. One of the distinguished minor lights of the English Reformation. Educated in a Carmelite convent and Cambridge he opposed but later converted to Protestantism. When Bloody Mary came to power he fled to Switzerland. At her death, he returned to become prebentary of Canterbury Cathedral. He made a major contribution to the field of prophetic exposition.

His extensive “Image of Both Churches” published in 1550 was a major Contribution to prophetic interpretation. Written in exile during the reign Of Bloody Mary, Bale demonstrated an amazing familiarity with the whole Field of historical expositors from Irenaeus to Calvin. He wrote that the Seven trumpets cover the seven ages of the church as do the seven seals. The seventh trumpet is the judgment day.

Thomas Beverly (1670-1701?)

English independent minister of whom we know little. Published more than 20 short treatises emphasizing the approaching end of time.

In Of the Great Line of Prophetic Time...The 1260 Days of the Witnesses, Beverly assigns the Saracens to the fifth trumpet and the Turks to the sixth trumpet. The taking of Constantinople in 1453 is in connection with the hour, day, month and year period.

James Bicheno

In "The Signs of the Times", (1799 ed.), he offers the standard solution to the trumpets. The first four trumpets are the barbarian scourges of Western Europe. The fifth and sixth are the Saracens and the Turks. The year month day prophecy is 396 years from 1300 to 1697. (396 = 365 + 30 + 1)

Theodore de Bionens 1690-1750

Swiss Protestant theologian. Founded a school at Lausanne. His work on Daniel and Revelation was similar to other expositions of the time with nothing new or exceptional.

In “Essay on the Apocalypse” (app. 1730), he wrote that the trumpets were clearly punishments upon the corrupted church, first by the early barbarians. Then the fifth and sixth trumpets were the Saracens for 150 years and then the Turks for some 400 years.

Thomas Brightman (1562-1607) Ref

Puritan scholar and one of the founders of English Presbyterianism. A Cambridge graduate, he was a constant student. He read the Greek New Testament every two weeks. He reacted with indignation at Bellarmine’s and Ribera’s futurist exposition. His admirer's called him "the English Prophet".

The first four trumpets he expounds as the great heresies which befell the church, and the barbarian woes on the Western Roman Empire, the fourth being the Vandals. The fifth trumpet, darkening a third part of the sun (the church in Africa), he assigns to religious persons in the West and to the Saracens in the East, and the sixth trumpet to the Turks - which oppressed by their tyranny not only the false church but also the true church - the latter, Brightman significantly adds, "began to come forth abroad at the year 1300."

Brightman's prophetic time periods are all determined on the year-day principle. The five months, or 150 days of the locust woe, he allots to the Saracen ravages of Syria, Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Persia, beginning about A.D. 630, to their overthrow by the Emperor Leo Copronymus, about 780-a view later adopted by Daubuz.

Charles Buck

In his A Theological Dictionary (1802), used by practically all Protestants in the first half of the 19th century, Buck assigns the terminus of the 391 year period (Rev. 9:15) to be 1844. Presumably he starts it at the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Heinrich Bullinger 1504-1575

Swiss reformer and a close friend of Zwingli. One of the greatest prophetic expositors of all time. Moderate, and blameless, he was an indefatigable writer and preacher. Carried on extensive correspondence with reformers, rulers and statesman throughout Europe including Edward VI of England.

In "A Hundred Sermons Upon the Apocalypse of Jesus Christ" (1561), he wrote that the seven churches continue until the world ends as do the seven trumpets which portray the grievious conflicts which shall befall it. The fifth and sixth trumpet are the Saracens and the Turks.

Aaron Burr

In The Watchman's Answer to the Question, What of the Night (1757), Aaron Burr assigns the Saracens and the Turks to the fifth and sixth trumpets. He adds "Tis evident, this woe bro't by the Mohametan Imposture, is not yet passed away, great Part of the World still groaning under it; and it is probable, this Woe is to End with the total Destruction and Abolition of the Turkish Empire."

Jacques Cappel 1570-1624

Eminent French Huguenot theologian, philologist, exegete and historian. He traveled extensively and formed an acquaintance with many noted protestants of his time.

In "The Flunkeys of Babel, or the History of the Roman See" (1616), he wrote the seven trumpets follow the seven seals and are included in the seventh seal. Each trumpet lasts 150 years. The first is from 400 to 550 and signifies the barbarian invasion. The second is 550 to 700 and includes the Lombards, Persians and Mohammedans and so on.

Alfonsus Conradus Reformation 16th Century

Italian who was driven out of Italy to Switzerland because of his religious convictions. Little else is known of him except that he wrote a large commentary on the Apocalypse

Driven from Italy to Switzerland because of his religious convictions, Conradus wrote a large commentary on Revelation. Wrote that the seven churches and the seven trumpets are aspects and periods of the church and its tribulations.

John Cotton

In The Powering out of the Seven Vials: An Exposition, of the 16th Chapter of the Revelation, Cotton introduces a new idea about the river Euphrates mentioned in Rev. 9:14. This river was not the literal river of Chaldea, Old Babylon but, the figurative river which flows through new Babylon. Rome. This river is loosed in chapter 9 and dries up in chapter 16. The drying up of the river in chapter 16 implies the drying up of the force, and strength of the new Babylon.

This same Euphrates of chapter 9, in chapter 16 waters the throne of the beast.

The sixth trumpet however, refers to the Turks.

John Cox

In his Thoughts on the Coming Kingdom of Our Lord Jesus Christ (1839), Cox taught that before the return of Christ Mohammedanism must be destroyed. He refers to Daniel 11:36-45 as indicating as much. He mentions that some believe the little horn of Daniel 8 refers to Mohammedanism as well. But the clearest reference is the sixth trumpet and sixth vial which call the Turks into political existence.

Daniel Cramer 1568-1637

German Lutheran pastor and professor. Wrote a book on the Apocalypse which was largely a treatise against the AntiChrist both in the East, Mohammed and in the West, the Papacy.

Cramer's book on the Apocalypse assigned the "pope and his retinue" to the fifth trumpet and "Mohammed and his hordes" to the sixth trumpet.

A L Crandall

In his A Brief Explanation of the Book of Revelation in Chronological Order (1841), Crandall wrote that the third trumpet was the papal inquisitors, the fourth trumpet Mohammedanism, and the fifth trumpet the tortures of the Inquisition for "five months". The sixth trumpet he assigned to the Turks for 391 years extended from 1281 to 1672.

Drue Cressener 1638-1718

English Cambridge graduate and vicar in the Church of England. Lived during unstable period when Charles II and James II were on England’s throne. He lived to see Protestantism established under William III.

In his first book, The Judgments of God Upon the Roman Catholick Church, Cressener submits a series of cumulative theorems built around the seven trumpets, seals, and vials. Theorem I reads, "The Woe of the seventh Trumpet destroys the power of the Beast." Theorem 5 says, "The whole time of the Beast is within the time of the Trumpets." and under "Consequences," that "the Kingdom of the Beast is an Object of the Trumpets." And Theorem 19, Consequence 1 adds, "The Saracens and Turks are the Woes of the fifth and sixth Trumpet."

Charles Daubuz 1673-1717

French Huguenot exiled to England after the Edict of Nantes. Educated at Cambridge where he became university librarian and later a vicar in the Church of England. He wrote a commentary on Revelation published after his death.

In his Perpetual Commentary on the Revelation of St. John (1730), Daubuz assigns the fifth and sixth trumpets to the Saracens and the Turks. The 150 years of the locust begin at 622, when Mohammed opened his mission. It ends in 762 with the Saracen calif's removal to Baghdad. He is not clear on sixth trumpet but the seventh trumpet is the resurrection of the just after which comes the millennium.

George Downham

In his Treatise Concerning Antichrist, Downham seeks to find the starting point of the 1260, 1290, 1335 and 391 day periods - all of which he recognized as based on the year-day principle. The 391 years (360-30-1) "do appertain unto the solution (loosing) of the Turks, which he places from about 1169 or about 1300.

Jonathan Edwards

In his History of the Work of Redemption (1739), Edwards identifies the fifth and sixth trumpets as the Saracens and the Turks. Of the Turks he writes, "They began their empire about the year of Christ 1296, and began to invade Europe about 1300, and took Constantinople, and so became Masters of all the European empire in 1453." The prophesied period was thus implied but not stated.

E.B. Elliott 1793-1875

Scholarly prophetic expositor and Cambridge graduate. Rose in the Church of England to become incumbent at St. Mark’s Church in Brighton. An earnest promoter of missions. He spent a lifetime investigating bible prophecy and his Horae Apocalypticae is doubtless the most elaborate work ever produced on the Apocalypse. It is without an equal in its field. Begun in 1837, its 2,500 pages are buttressed by some 10,000 invaluable references. It ran through five editions. His greatest contribution was the history of Apocalyptic Interpretation which appears as Appendix I of volume 4. Elliott also provides the most complete exposure of the Jesuit interpretations to be found.

In his famous Horae Apocalypticae (1844), Elliott see the seals followed by the trumpets in chronological order as opposed to parallel as earlier expositors believed. The first four trumpets were Alaric and the Goths, Genseric and his Vandals, Attila and the Huns and then Odoacer and his Heruli. These destroyed the Western Roman Empire whereas the fifth and sixth trumpets, the Saracens and the Turks, destroyed the Eastern Roman Empire. The time period of the Turk was 396 years (365 + 30 + 1) or from 1057 until 1453.

Benjamin Farnham

In his Dissertations on the Prophecies ( fl. 1778,9), Farnham gives the standard interpretation. The first four trumpets were the barbarian invasions of the Roman Empire. The fifth trumpet was the Saracenic locusts from 612 to 762 as they made their great conquests in Syria, Persia, India, Egypt, Africa and Spain.

Then come the Ottoman Turks, under the sixth trumpet, with their four Sultanies on the river Euphrates, sweeping ruthlessly over Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Babylon, Assyria and Mesopotamia out into Asia and Africa and then over Europe.

And the 391 years (Rev 9:15) perhaps reach from the taking of Kutahi, in 1281 to 1672 when they took Cameniec from the Poles. And the king of the north is probably Turkey. This was all preparatory to the final drying up of Turkey, under the sixth vial.

John Foxe 1516-1587

Famous Puritan author of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs. Converted to the principles of the reformation while at Oxford. Driven into exile by Bloody Mary. He began his immensely popular work at the suggestion of Lady Jane Grey. He died before completing his commentary on the Apocalypse.

In addition to his immensely popular book on martyrs, Foxe wrote the 400 page “Conjectures on the Apocalypse” published in 1587 after his death. He wrote that it was “clearer than light itself” that the sixth trumpet was the Turks. The seventh trumpet was the last judgment and advent and not far off. The tenth chapter of Revelation symbolized the restoration of the Gospel.

Robert Flemming, Jr. 1660-1716

Influential Scottish Presbyterian minister distinguished for his learning and piety. Descended from a long line of ministers. William III frequently consulted him on the eccliastical affairs of Scotland. Predicted that France would fall by 1794. This prediction made his works famous in England, Germany, America and Scotland a century after his death.

In his Apocalyptical Key published in 1793, Flemming assigns the first four trumpets to the barbarians who were a judgment upon Western Rome. The star fallen from heaven in the fifth trumpet is the bishop of Rome; the dark pitchy smoke is the monks that swarmed about spreading error and idolatry. The locusts are the Saracens. The sixth trumpet brings the Turks from beyond the Euphrates, from which they date their rise.

Benjamin Gale 1715-1790

Connecticut physician and writer. Graduated from Yale before studying medicine. Later he took over his father’s law practice. He had extensive correspondence with English scientists. He was a representative in the General Assembly from 1747 to 1767. An ardent Bible student and premillenialist he wrote a book on prophecy printed in 1788.

In his A Brief Essay......, (1788), Gale makes the following observation about the sixth trumpet: "The Euphratean horsemen are yet in being, and the Turkish tyranny and imposture still continue, and not come to a final end; I think there can be no doubt but we are still under the period of the sixth trumpet."

Joseph Galloway 1730-1803

American lawyer and Loyalist during the Revolution. In 1774, he became a delegate to the Continental Congress. He joined the British army. After the war he moved to England and focused on the study of prophecy publishing several works.

In his Brief Commentaries..(1809 ed.), Galloway assigns the fifth trumpet to the Saracens but starts not only the 150 years at Mohammed but the 1260 also. He sees two 1260's, one for the Papal and Mohammedan hierarchies each. The first beginning with the decree of Phocas and the other with Mohammed.

Johannes Gerhard 1582-1637

German rector of the university of Heldberg. A master of Lutheran orthodoxy, the most important and influential teacher of his time. Taught during the Thirty Years war. His works included a popular exegesis of the Bible and writings on the Apocalypse.

In “Adnotationes in Apocalypsin” (app. 1620), he wrote that the seven trumpets were heretics and evil angels of various sorts used to stir up the Church. The fifth trumpet’s star fallen from heaven was the pope who holds the key to the bottomless pit. The smoke signifies false doctrine and the locusts are the monks. Mohammed and the Papacy are the Eastern and Western antichrists respectively.

Thomas Goodwin 1600-1680

Celebrated non-conformist. Head of Magdalen College, Oxford. Elected to the Westminister Assembly. One of Cromwell's most intimate advisers and with him at his deathbed. Author of numerous theological works.

In his Expositions on the book of Revelation, Goodwin followed Joseph Mede. The fallen star was Mohammed. The locusts were the Saracens. The period of the sixth trumpet was 396 years from 1453 until 1849.

John Haywood

In his The Christian Advocate (1819), Haywood states that the first six trumpets are the six periods of the Dark Ages after the fall of Rome, during which the Papacy, Mohammedanism, and paganism - the three unclean spirits - have "corrupted the fountains of religion."

The five months of the Mohammedan fifth trumpet are 150 years. The 391 years of the sixth trumpet possibly ends in 1777, with the raising and the siege of Vienna.

Issac T Hinton

In The Prophecies of Daniel and John (1843), Hinton states that the Mohammedan power appears in Daniel 8, Daniel 11 and Revelation 9. The fifth trumpet is the Saracens and the 150 years begins "when Mohammed first began to propage his imposture," in 612 to 762.

He believes the 2300 year period will end when the Turkish power is removed. It is this power which is trampling the sanctuary underfoot. The dissolution of the Turkish Mohammedan power is anticipated by the figurative drying up of the Euphrates mentioned in Rev. 16.

He refers to the remarkable agreement among expositors on the identity of the sixth trumpet as being the Turks. The time period is 391 or 396 years and ends in 1453 or 1672.

Matthais Hoe 1580-1645

One of the two most influential men in Germany. Chief court chaplain at Dresden, Hoe was a violently anticalvanistic Lutheran. He worked for thirty years on his commentary on the apocalypse.

His commentary on the Apocalypse, written in German assigned the first four trumpets to "heretics", the fifth trumpet to the Roman pope and the sixth trumpet to the Turks. The seventh trumpet will be the overthrow of both Antichrists in the final judgment.

Edward Holyoke June 25, 1689-Jan. 1, 1769

In the Doctrine of Life or Man's Redemption, Holyoke declared that the Turks were raised up to be a scourge to the "Apostasie of the Greek Churches". The locusts of the fifth trumpet were the papal clergy and the monks.

William Hooke 1601-1678

Born in Southampton, England and educated at Oxford he came to New England and became pastor at New Haven, Massachusetts. He later returned to England to become chaplain to Oliver Cromwell and colleague of John Davenport. Hooke loved the study of prophecy and wrote eight treatises on the subject. He endorsed Increase Mather’s premillenial position and believed in a future literal resurrection.

In A Short Discourse of the Nature and Extent of the Gospel Day, Hooke states that the first four trumpets were judgments, the fifth trumpet was the papal "smoak" from the bottomless pit and the sixth trumpet was first sounded in 1300 when the Ottoman Turks arose.

Heinrich Horch 1652-1729

Reformed German theologian. He was a man of unusual gifts, but he suffered from mental illness and was erratic and unstable. His interest in prophecy was stimulated by Thomas Beverly.

The trumpet judgments are judgments against the Roman Empire. The reign of the Saracen locusts to start in 622 and last for 150 years. The Turkish sixth trumpet to extend 396 years (365 +30 +1) from 1057 to 1453.

Ephraim Huit

In The Whole Prophecie of Daniel Explained, Huit computes the time period in Rev. 9:15 to be 395 years (365 + 30). The sixth trumpet he applies to the Turks and extends the time from 1300 A.D. to 1695. He connects the sixth trumpet with the sixth vial.

William Jones Froom Vol III., page 511.

In his Papers Read Before the Society for the Investigation of Prophecy (1828), Jones sees the barbarian judgments in the first four trumpets of Rev. 8. He specifically assigns the fourth to Odoacer whose conquest of Rome ended the Western Empire. The fifth trumpet he believed to be the Antichrist and the sixth trumpet the Mohammedan Turks.

George Junkin

In his The Little Stone and the Great Image (1844), Junkin sees the seals, trumpets and vials as consecutive symbols. The seals are confined to the early centuries with the seventh seal dividing into seven trumpets. The first four trumpets include Alaric and the Goths, Attila and the Huns, and Genseric and the Vandals.

The fifth Saracenic woe extends from 612 to 762. The sixth trumpet is the Ottoman Turks extending from 1281 (the capture of Cuthai) to 1672 their last conquest (Kameniec).

Pierre Jurieu 1637-1713

Distinguished Huguenot leader and controversialist. A prolific writer, he zealously defended the Reformation from Catholic attacks. His work on the Apocalypse was published just after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and closely followed that of Joseph Mede.

In “Exposition of the Apocalypse or the Coming Deliverance of the Church” (app. 1700), he expressedly took Mede as his guide. The first four trumpets are the barbarians scourging the western empire while the fifth and sixth trumpets are the Saracens and the Turks.

Edward King 1735-1807

Educated at Cambridge and admitted to the bar. A wealthy uncle made him financially independent. Tenacious in his views on prophecy, he wrote extensively. He was very explicit on the momentous ending of the 1260 which had just ended.

In “Remarks on the Signs of the Times” (1798) he stressed that the Saracenic and Turkish woes were upon the Eastern Church.

Aaron Kinne

In his Display of Scriptural Prophecies (1813), Kinne follows the theory of Joseph Mede (1627) and makes the seals and trumpets consecutive covering the Christian Era. The seals are confined to the first three centuries up to the convulsion of the Roman Empire.

The barbarians are the first four trumpets beginning about AD 400 with the invasion of the northern barbarians. They are followed by Genseric with his Vandals and Odoacer and the Heruli. The little horn of Daniel 8 is Mohammedanism. The fifth trumpet extends from 612 to 762. And the sixth trumpet period of 391 years is from 1281 to 1762.

Martin Luther

In "Table Talk" (1538), he assigns the second woe to Mohammed and the Saracens. The Turks were Gog and Magog mention in Revelation 20. “The body of the AntiChrist is as well the Pope as the Turk because a living body consists of body and soul. The Spirit of the AntiChrist is the Pope, his flesh is the Turk.” Like most of his generation, Luther was
preoccupied with the Turks who had conquered the East, all of Southeastern Europe and were knocking at the gates of Vienna with the resources of a vast empire behind them.

Increase Mather (1639-1723).

In The Mystery of Israel's Salvation, Explained, Mather assigns the Saracens and Turks to the fifth and sixth trumpets. The Turks were involved in Daniel 11:44,45 with the Jews. The king of the north is the Turkish Ottoman family.

He say: "The Turkish power is signified by the Euphrates, Rev. 9:13,14. I heard a voice saying, loose the four Angels which are bound in the great River Euphrates. The meaning of the place may be, That the Turks which lay on both sides of the River Euphrates, and were divided into four Sultanies or Kingdoms should be let loose, partly by composing their civil dissentions, and partly by being united under one Ottomanical head, to make a dreadful irruption upon the Roman Empire.

Joseph Mede 1586-1638

Professor of Greek at Cambridge. His accomplishments in philosophy, history, mathematics and physics were conspicuous. He maintained extensive foreign correspondence. Prophecy was his special study. His fame rests on his Clavis Apocalypticae which greatly advanced the science of prophecy interpretation.

According to Mede in The Key of the Revelation, the first four trumpets were successively tied to Alaric, Genseric, Odoacer, and Totila. The fifth trumpet was fulfilled in the Saracens; and the sixth, by the Turks from the Euphrates. This he adds is in harmony with the best expositors.

The 150 days of the "locusts" are given as the beclouding years of the Saracenic ravages on the Italian coast, from A.D. 830 to 980. The Euphratean horseman's hour, day, month and year, Mede takes as 396 years (365+30+1) from the taking of Baghdad, about A.D. 1057 to the taking of Constantinople in 1453. The seventh is yet to come.

John Napier 1550 -1617 Reformation

Distinguished Scottish mathematician and devoted protestant. Celebrated inventor of logarithms ("Napier’s bones"). After 5 years study he published the protestant’s first exposition of the book of Revelation which was widely accepted by Protestants throughout Europe.

In his A Plaine Discovery of the Whole of Revelation of Saint John, propositions 3 and 4 deal with the 5th and 6th trumpets which Napier applies to the Mohammedans and the Ottoman Turks. Mohammed is the fallen star. Napier suggests the 150 years involved may possibly be from Zadok, in 1051, to "Changius Chan", in 1201, and touches hazinly upon the year 1296.

Sir Isaac Newton 1642-1727

English mathematician, philosopher and outstanding genius of his age. After inventing calculus and writing Principia he lost interest in mathematics and spent much of the remainder
of his life studying bible prophecy. Recent discoveries have revealed the remarkable extent of his theological works. Newton and Joseph Mede were the principal architects of the historicist system of interpretation.

In Observations Upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John, Newton agrees with Joseph Mede on the first six trumpets, but takes him to task for not making the vials "synchronal to" the trumpets. The first four trumpets were the barbarians falling upon the Eastern Roman Empire in the first and upon Western Rome in the second, third and fourth.

The fifth trumpet, or first woe, is the Saracenic locusts, whose 150 years he doubles - five months and five months - from 637 to 936 inclusive. The sixth trumpet, or second woe, sounds to the wars of the king of the north, or the Turks, seated upon the Euphrates, began to erect their empire in 1063, and in 1453 they took Constantinople and extinguished the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Rome. As for the time period he remarks, "The interval is called an hour and a day, and a month, and a year, or 391 prophetic days, which are years."

Thomas Newton 1704-1782

Cambridge educated bishop of Bristol and later dean of St. Paul's. His popular “Dissertations on the Prophecies” ran through 18 editions and was translated into German and Danish.

In his most popular Dissertations on the Prophecies (1796), Newton assigns the time period of the sixth trumpet to be 391 years and 15 days. He then elaborates on its historical fulfillment: " Now it is wonderfully remarkable, that the first conquest mentioned in history, of the Ottomans over the Christians, was in the year of the Hegira 680 and the year of Christ 1281. For Ortogrul ' in that year (according to the accurate historian Saadi,) crowned his victories with the conquests of the famous city of Kutahi upon the Greeks.' Compute 391 years from that time, and they will terminate in the year 1672: and in that year, as it was hinted before, Mohammed the Fourth took Cameniec from the Poles, 'and forty-eight towns and villages in the territory of Camemiec were delivered up' to the sultan upon the treaty of peace. Whereupon Prince Cantemir hath made this remarkable reflection, 'This was the last victory by which any advantage accrued to the Ottoman state, or any city or province was annexed to the ancient bounds of the empire.' "

" Here then the prophecy and the event agree exactly in the period of 391 years; and if more accurate and authentic histories of the Ottomans were brought to light, and we knew the very day wherein Kutahi was taken, as certainly as we know that wherein Cameniec was taken, the like exactness might also be found in the 15 days."

Samuel Osgood Froom Vol. III, page 221.

In his Remarks on the Book of Daniel and on the Revelations (1794), Osgood assigns the period 622 to 772 for the fifth trumpet. The sixth trumpet he starts on July 27, 1299 , the time of Ottoman and extends it 391 years and 15 days

David Pareus 1548-1622

Famous Calvinist professor at Heidelberg. Wrote treatises against the Futurism of Bellarmine and Ribera and Alcazar's Preterist scheme.

In A Commentary Upon the Divine Revelation (1644), Pareus states that the Trumpets cover the same time period as the seals, the fifth and sixth referring to the conquests of Mohammedanism, and the seventh to the consummation. The five months of the locust's ravages in the fifth trumpet are based upon the common length of the ravages of the locusts

Thomas Parker

In The Visions and Prophecies of Daniel Expounded, Thomas Parker applies the Turks to the sixth trumpet and uses 391 years for Rev. 9:15 extending the time period from 1258 to 1649.

Johann Petri 1718-1792

German pastor of a Reformed Church in Frankfurt. Energetic and studious, he was particularly interested in prophecy writing eleven treatises on the subject. He is credited with being the first expositor to see that the 70 weeks and the 2300 days begin together.

In "The Revelation of Jesus Christ by John" published in 1774, he wrote that the seven churches, seals, trumpets and vials all run parallel.

Jacques Philipot Late 18th century

French writer of whom little is know. He wrote an exposition of the book of Revelation before the French Revolution which anticipated the role France would play in the ruin of the Papacy.

Published “Elucidations on the Apocalypse of St. John” in 1685. Like Mede, he commenced the seven trumpets under the seventh seal and commenced the seven trumpets under the seventh vial. The 150 years of the fifth trumpet are applied to the Jesuits from 1540 to 1690.

Thomas Pyle 1674-1756

Son of a rector and educated at Cambridge. Pyle was at various times the chaplain of the Bishop of Norwich, a rector and a minister. He was an impetuous but eloquent preacher who wrote a book on prophecy where he cites Mede, More, Jurieu and Vitringa.

In his “Paraphrase with Notes on the Revelation of St. John” (app. 1735), he cited Mede, More, Jurieu, and Vitringa. The first four trumpets were the Goths, Vandals, Visigoths, Huns and Heruli). The fifth and sixth trumpets were the Saracens and the Turks.

Robert Scott

In his Antidote for Deism (1816), Scott assigns the fifth and sixth trumpets to the Saracens and the Turks. The former period he establishes as 606 to 756 and the period of the latter as from July, 27 1299 when they entered Nicomedia to 1690 when Vienna was raised.

Scott contends that before the Second Coming of Christ the "great river Euphrates" (Mohammedanism - Persia and Turkey) must be dried up, the Jews from the West and scattered Israel from the East will return to Canaan, divide the land, build a temple, and worship the God of Israel (not Christ).

William Sherwin 1607-1687

In A Scheme of the Whole Book of the Revelation of Jesus Christ, Sherwin gives the standard interpretations of the barbarians, Saracens and Turks for the trumpets. The Saracens rise in 600-750 and the Turks 396 years (365+30+1) from 1300 to 1696. The latter part of Daniel 11 parallels the sixth trumpet.

"But from the time Antichrist's forty two months begun, to the end of the sixth trumpet or second Woe, we have the fourth trumpet proceeding in the ruin of the Empire in the West, and the fifth trumpet is the beginning of the ruin of it in the East (ch. 10) by the Mohammedan Saracens, those Locusts out of the botomless pit hurting all but the green fruits sealed to be preserved from that first Woe trumpet . . . and after the other Mohammedan locusts under the sixth trumpet, namely the Turks, took away the other part of the Eastern Empire, whose 396 years are not yet expired, till the end of the sixth trumpet" (The Irenicon).

Campegius Vitringa 1659-1722

Learned Dutch theologian and professor of Oriental languages, theology and sacred history at the University of Franeker.

In “Examination of the Apocalypse of John the Apostle” (app. 1700), Explained that the churches, seals and trumpets covered the same period or the history of the church from John’s time until the consummation. The first five trumpets refer to pagan Rome and the sixth and seventh trumpets Papal Rome.

William Whiston 1667-1752

Baptist theologian and Newton’s successor as professor of mathematics at Cambridge. Author of 50 volumes including works on bible prophecy. Started the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. His translation of Josephus became the standard work on the subject.

In his An Essay on the Revelation of St. John (1706), Whiston places the Ottoman Turkish Woe period of 396 years (365.25 + 30 + 1 + 15 days) starting at 1301 to 1697. The ending point was marked by Prince Eugene's great victory over the Turks, followed by the Peace of Carlowitz in 1699 when the Ottoman's ceased to terrorize Christendom.

Hans Wood - died 1803

Pious laymen from Ireland. He wrote anonymously on the Revelation.

In his The Revelation of St. John, Wood extends the 150 years of the Saracenic fifth trumpet from the invasion of Syria by the Arabs in 630 to the defeat in Cilicia, in 780 and the Turkish period he begins in 1030